Rebati by Fakir Mohan Senapati: Summary and Analysis in English and Hindi

 

Fakir Mohan Senapati- Introduction

Fakir Mohan Senapati is widely regarded as the father of modern Odia literature. He was born on January 13, 1843, in Balasore. Senapati was not only a short story writer but also a novelist, poet, translator, and social reformer who played a crucial role in shaping Odia language and literature at a time when it was under threat of decline.

His writings are marked by realism and satire, through which he exposed social evils such as superstition, caste discrimination, and the oppression of women. He focused on the lives of ordinary people, especially in rural society, portraying their struggles with authenticity and sensitivity.

Among his most notable works are Rebati, considered the first modern Odia short story, and Chha Mana Atha Guntha, one of the earliest Indian novels to depict the exploitation of peasants under colonial rule. In Rebati, Senapati highlights the conflict between female education and orthodox social beliefs, making it a powerful social critique.

Beyond literature, he contributed significantly to the preservation and development of the Odia language during a critical period in its history. Fakir Mohan Senapati passed away on June 14, 1918, but his legacy continues to influence Indian literature and social thought.

Rebati- Introduction

‘Rebati’ is a short story by Fakir Mohan Senapati, published in 1898. It is considered first ever short story published in Odia language. It is the story of a young girl who desire's for education in the backdrop of a conservative Odia society in a backward village, which is hit by a Cholera epidemic. By displaying a forbidden desire for learning, Rebati, the female protagonist of the story, seems to invite misfortune for herself and her community. Over time "Rebati" has become an icon and her story an allegory for female education and emancipation. However, the story itself does not advocate for or against these ideas. It is a story about helplessness before fate. The story begins with the following epigraph taken from Rev. J.H. Gurney’s poem.  

Epigraph 

But oft some shining April morn
Is darkened in an hour,
And blackest griefs o’er joyous home,
Alas! unseen may lower.
‘Rebati! Rebi! You fire that turns all to ashes.’

 

—Rev. J. H. Gurney

 

Rebati-Theme

The central theme of Rebati by Fakir Mohan Senapati is the conflict between progress and superstition, particularly in the context of female education. The story highlights how deeply rooted orthodox beliefs and social prejudices hinder the growth of individuals and society.

Rebati, a young girl, represents the desire for learning and intellectual freedom. Her father, unlike the conservative villagers, supports her education, symbolizing a progressive mindset. However, the village community views female education as dangerous and unnatural. When a devastating outbreak of Cholera strikes the village, killing several people including Rebati’s parents, the villagers blame her education for the tragedy. This reflects the irrational tendency of society to associate misfortune with change and progress.

Another important theme is the role of fate and tragedy. The story shows how happiness can suddenly turn into sorrow, reinforcing the idea that life is unpredictable. Rebati’s personal loss and suffering underline the emotional depth of the narrative and evoke sympathy in the reader.

The theme of social criticism is also significant. Senapati uses irony and realism to expose the ignorance and narrow-mindedness of society. Instead of recognizing the benefits of education, people cling to blind beliefs and scapegoat an innocent girl. This criticism is not only directed at rural society but also at the broader cultural resistance to change.

Ultimately, Rebati conveys a powerful message: true progress requires challenging outdated beliefs and embracing education, especially for women. The story remains relevant as it questions societal norms and advocates for rational thinking and gender equality.

Rebati by Fakir Mohan  - Summary

Patapur is a small, quiet village in the Hariharpur subdivision of Cuttack district. At one end stood the house of Shyambandhu Mohanty, the zamindar’s accountant, with front and back rows of rooms, a central courtyard with a well, a shed for husking rice, a vegetable patch, and a garden. Shyambandhu collected taxes from the villagers, earning a modest salary of two rupees a month, with some extra from adjusting rent receipts, making life comfortable for his family. They had enough food, two cows, a vegetable garden, and rent-free land to meet their needs.

Shyambandhu was honest, straightforward, and respected by the villagers. He collected taxes fairly, never demanded extra money, and even left palm-leaf receipts in villagers’ homes. He maintained peace in the village and managed the zamindar’s muscleman with tact, ensuring no fear or coercion disturbed the villagers.

Shyambandhu Mohanty’s household consisted of himself, his wife, his elderly mother, and his ten-year-old daughter, Rebati. Evenings were spent in devotional practices—Shyambandhu would sing or read passages from the Bhagavata, with Rebati listening attentively and learning songs by heart. Her melodious voice added charm, and neighbors would often stop to listen.

Two years earlier, the village had received an upper-primary school thanks to a visiting deputy inspector of schools. The teacher, Basudev, a young, polite orphan trained at Cuttack Normal School, came to teach there. Shyambandhu, sharing the same caste, quickly formed a friendship with him, inviting him to their home on special occasions. Over time, Basudev began visiting almost every evening, and Rebati eagerly awaited him, sitting beside him to sing the prayer songs she knew. The bond between the teacher and the family grew naturally, and Basudev found Rebati’s songs fresh and delightful.

One day, Shyambandhu learned from Basudev that there was a school in Cuttack where girls could study and learn crafts. Instantly, he decided to educate his daughter Rebati. When Rebati overheard the conversation, she eagerly told her mother and grandmother that she wanted to study. While her mother supported her, her grandmother opposed the idea, insisting that girls only needed to know household skills. Shyambandhu firmly allowed Rebati to pursue her studies, citing examples of other educated girls in the village.

The next day, Basudev brought Rebati her first book, Sitanath Babu’s First Lessons. She was thrilled by the pictures of elephants, horses, and cows and could hardly wait to show them to her family. Her grandmother expressed irritation, but Rebati stood her ground. On Sri Panchami, considered an auspicious day to begin learning, Rebati dressed in new clothes and eagerly awaited Basudev, who began teaching her the alphabet. From that day, he taught her daily without fail.

Over the next two years, Rebati became an excellent student, memorizing rhymes by Madhu Rao and excelling in her studies. During this time, Shyambandhu discussed Basudev’s caste and family with his mother, deciding that it was suitable for their family. Rebati’s behavior toward Basu subtly changed—she became shy, blushed, and giggled, showing the stirrings of affection.

However, tragedy struck when a cholera epidemic hit the village. Shyambandhu contracted cholera, and Rebati ran around seeking help while Basudev bravely cared for him at his bedside. Despite his efforts, Shyambandhu, weak and aware of his fate, entrusted his family to Basudev and passed away that evening.

The family, inexperienced in handling a death, faced the challenge of arranging his cremation. Bana Sethi, the village washerman, helped them, performing the rites. As Shyambandhu was the only Karan in the village, no outside help was available; Rebati, her mother, and Basudev carried out the final rites themselves.

After Shyambandhu’s death, tragedy continued to strike Rebati’s family. Soon, her mother also died of cholera. Within three months, the zamindar seized Shyambandhu’s cows and reclaimed the three and a half acres of land he had granted, leaving the family destitute. The farmhand left, the bullocks were sold, and Rebati and her grandmother survived by pawning household items.

Basu visited them every evening, offering help and money, but they barely accepted anything, relying mostly on the small savings the grandmother managed. Their house fell into disrepair, and the grandmother, overwhelmed with grief and anger, blamed Rebati for all their misfortunes—her education, Shyambandhu’s death, the loss of property—and sometimes cursed Basu as well. Rebati, terrified, would hide as her grandmother vented her rage. Despite this, Basu remained their only support, handling the zamindar’s demands and managing the remaining household matters.

After the deaths of her parents, Rebati became completely withdrawn. She no longer spoke, ate only out of fear of her grandmother, and grew thin and emaciated. Her grief consumed her; the world seemed empty, and the memories of her parents haunted her constantly. The only relief came during Basu’s visits, when she would focus all her attention on him, and her feelings for him became evident through her glances.

Five months later, Basu had to leave for five days to conduct school examinations. Rebati watched him intently, and their shared gaze reflected a silent connection. However, tragedy struck again: on the sixth day, news arrived that Basu had died of cholera while returning from Hariharpur. The village mourned his death, and Rebati and her grandmother were devastated. Her grandmother blamed Basu for his death, believing it was his devotion to teaching Rebati that led to his untimely demise.

Rebati, overwhelmed by grief and fever, sank to the floor and remained unconscious for several days. Her grandmother, half-blind and frantic, searched the house and found her burning with fever. Believing that Rebati’s illness was a punishment for daring to study, she struggled to care for her. After five days, Rebati showed signs of recovery—she murmured, asked for water, and her fever subsided.

The grandmother tried to prepare food but realized their provisions were nearly gone. She took an old brass bowl to the village store, only to be dismissed by the shopkeeper, leaving her desperate and worried about Rebati. Despite the hardships, hope flickered as she returned home to tend to her granddaughter.

Hari, the shopkeeper, reluctantly gave Rebati’s grandmother some rice, lentils, and salt. Exhausted, she hurried home, hoping Rebati was better, but found the girl in extreme agony. Rebati, weakened by illness and thirst, crawled through the house and courtyard, recalling memories of her parents. At night, as she gazed at the evening star, she imagined her mother’s loving presence, which deeply moved her.

Eventually, her grandmother found her on the narrow veranda, but it was too late—both collapsed, marking the tragic end of Shyambandhu Mohanty’s family. The haunting final words echoed: “Rebati! Rebi! You fire that turns all to ashes.”

Summary in Hindi

पाटापुर, कट्टक जिले के हरिहरपुर प्रभाग का एक छोटा और शांत गाँव है। गाँव के एक छोर पर श्यामबन्धु मोहंती का घर था, जिसमें सामने और पीछे दो-लाइन वाले कमरे, बीच में एक आँगन और एक कुआँ, पीछे धान चटकाने की झोपड़ी और सामने बगीचा सब्ज़ी का खेत था। श्यामबन्धु, जो ज़मींदार के लेखाकार थे, किसानों से कर वसूलते थे। उनका मासिक वेतन दो रुपये था, लेकिन कुछ अतिरिक्त काम से वे कुल चार रुपये तक कमा लेते थे।

उनका जीवन आरामदायक था। घर में सब्ज़ियाँ, दो गायें, बगीचे की उपज और माँ द्वारा बनाई गई ईंधन की गोलियां घर की जरूरतें पूरी करती थीं। ज़मींदार ने उन्हें तीन-डेढ़ एकड़ बिना किराये की ज़मीन दी थी, जिससे उनकी जरूरतें पूरी होती थीं।

श्यामबन्धु सीधे-साधे और ईमानदार व्यक्ति थे। वे किसानों से कर वसूलने में नर्म और समझदार थे। वे कभी अतिरिक्त पैसा नहीं मांगते थे और अपने प्रयास से ही किसानों के घरों में पाम-लीफ रसीदें छुपा देते थे। गाँव में किसी भी तरह की ज़बरदस्ती या डर पैदा नहीं होने देते थे; ज़मींदार के अंगरक्षक को शांति और चतुराई से संभाल लेते थे।
श्यामबन्धु मोहंती के घर में वह खुद, उसकी पत्नी, वृद्ध माता और दस साल की बेटी रेबती रहती थी। शाम के समय वे भक्ति में लीन रहतेश्यामबन्धु कृपासिंधु बदनऔर अन्य भजन गाते या भागवत की कथाएँ पढ़ते। रेबती ध्यानपूर्वक सुनती और कुछ भजन याद कर लेती। उसकी मधुर आवाज़ भजन को और आकर्षक बनाती, जिससे पड़ोसी भी सुनने आते।

दो साल पहले, गांव में उप-प्राथमिक स्कूल स्थापित हुआ। वहां के शिक्षक बसुदेव, एक शिष्ट युवक, पढ़ाने आए। श्यामबन्धु ने उसे घर बुलाना शुरू किया और दोनों में मित्रता बढ़ी। रेबती बेसु के आगमन का बेसब्री से इंतजार करती और उसके साथ भजन गाती।

एक दिन श्यामबन्धु ने बसुदेव से जाना कि कट्टक में एक स्कूल है जहाँ लड़कियाँ पढ़ सकती हैं और शिल्प भी सीख सकती हैं। तुरंत उन्होंने अपनी बेटी रेबती की शिक्षा देने का निश्चय किया। रेबती ने यह सुनकर मां और दादी को उत्साहित होकर बताया कि वह पढ़ाई करना चाहती है। उसकी मां ने सहमति दी, लेकिन दादी ने विरोध किया और कहा कि लड़कियों को सिर्फ घर के काम सीखने चाहिए। श्यामबन्धु ने उसे पढ़ने की अनुमति दे दी, और गाँव की अन्य शिक्षित लड़कियों का उदाहरण दिया।

अगले दिन, बसुदेव ने रेबती को उसका पहला पाठ्यपुस्तक सीतानाथ बाबू की पहली पाठशाला दी। रेबती किताब में हाथी, घोड़े और गाय के चित्र देखकर बहुत खुश हुई। दादी को इससे खीज़ हुई, लेकिन रेबती ने विरोध किया। श्री पंचमी के शुभ दिन उसने नए कपड़े पहनकर बेसु का इंतजार किया। बसुदेव ने उसे वर्णमाला पढ़ानी शुरू की और हर दिन पढ़ाने का सिलसिला जारी रखा।

अगले दो वर्षों में रेबती पढ़ाई में बहुत निपुण हो गई और मधुराव के भजनों को याद कर लेने लगी। इस दौरान श्यामबन्धु ने अपनी माँ से बसुदेव की जाति और परिवार के बारे में चर्चा की और उसे अपने परिवार के लिए उपयुक्त पाया। रेबती का बसुदेव के प्रति व्यवहार बदल गयावह लजाई, हँसती, और शर्माती हुई दिखने लगी।

लेकिन अचानक हैजा  महामारी ने गांव को प्रभावित किया। श्यामबन्धु इस बीमारी से ग्रसित हो गए। रेबती मदद के लिए इधर-उधर दौड़ती रही, और बसुदेव निडर होकर उनके बिस्तर पर हाथ-पाँव मालिश करता और पानी पिलाता रहा। तीन घंटे बाद श्यामबन्धु ने अपने परिवार की देखभाल बसुदेव को सौंपी और उसी शाम उनका देहांत हो गया।

मृत्यु की व्यवस्था में परिवार अक्षम था। बना सेठी, गांव के धोबी, ने मदद की और अंतिम संस्कार कराया। चूंकि श्यामबन्धु गांव के एकमात्र करन परिवार के सदस्य थे, कोई बाहरी मदद उपलब्ध नहीं थी; रेबती, उसकी माँ और बसुदेव ने मिलकर अंतिम संस्कार संपन्न किया।Bottom of Form

 

श्यामबन्धु की मृत्यु के बाद रेबती के परिवार पर संकटों की झड़ी लग गई। जल्द ही उसकी माँ भी हैजा से मृत्यु हो गई। तीन महीनों के भीतर ज़मींदार ने श्यामबन्धु की गायें छीन लीं और तीन-डेढ़ एकड़ ज़मीन वापस ले ली, जिससे परिवार गरीब हो गया। खेतिहर मजदूर चले गए, बैल बिक गए, और रेबती उसकी दादी घर की वस्तुएँ गिरवी रखकर जीने लगे।

बेसु हर शाम उनसे मिलने आता और मदद करने की कोशिश करता, पैसे देने की पेशकश करता, लेकिन वे ज्यादा नहीं लेते थे। उनका घर टूटने लगा, और दादी अपने ग़म और क्रोध में रेबती को ही दोषी ठहराने लगीउसकी शिक्षा, श्यामबन्धु की मृत्यु, संपत्ति का नुकसानसबके लिए। कभी-कभी दादी बेसु को भी कोसती। डर के मारे रेबती छुप जाती। फिर भी, बेसु उनका एकमात्र सहारा बना रहा, ज़मींदार की मांगों और घर के बाकी कामों को संभालता रहा।

अपने माता-पिता की मृत्यु के बाद रेबती पूरी तरह भीतर चली गई। वह अब बात नहीं करती, केवल दादी के डर से खाना खाती और बहुत दुबली-पतली हो गई। उसका दुख उसे हर समय घेर रहा था; दुनिया उसके लिए सूनी लगती थी और माता-पिता की यादें सताती रहती थीं। केवल बेसु के आने पर उसे थोड़ी राहत मिलती, और उसके प्रति उसके भाव उनके नजरों में झलकते थे।

पाँच महीने बाद, बसु को स्कूल परीक्षा लेने के लिए पाँच दिनों के लिए जाना पड़ा। रेबती उसे ध्यान से देखती रही, और उनके बीच मौन में गहरा संबंध महसूस हुआ। लेकिन फिर त्रासदी आई: छठे दिन खबर आई कि बेसु लौटते समय हैजा से मृत्यु हो गए। गाँव में शोक मनाया गया और रेबती उसकी दादी अत्यंत दुःखी हुईं। दादी ने बेसु को दोषी ठहराया, यह मानते हुए कि उसने रेबती को पढ़ाने की वजह से अपनी जीवन की कीमत चुकाई।

रेबती, दुःख और बुखार से जर्जर होकर, फर्श पर गिर गई और कई दिन तक बेहोश रही। उसकी दादी, आधी अंधी और परेशान, पूरे घर में उसे खोजती रहीं और उसे बुखार से जलता पाया। उन्होंने इसे रेबती की पढ़ाई का परिणाम मानते हुए उसकी देखभाल करने की कोशिश की। पाँच दिन बाद रेबती ने हल्की सुधार की झलक दिखाईकुछ बड़बड़ाई, पानी माँगा और बुखार उतर गया।

दादी ने खाना बनाने की कोशिश की, लेकिन भोजन की कमी का पता चला। वह एक पुरानी पीतल की कटोरी लेकर गांव के दुकान पर गई, लेकिन दुकानदार ने उसे ठुकरा दिया। इस पर वह हताश और चिंतित हो गई। फिर भी उम्मीद की किरण जगी और वह रेबती की देखभाल करने घर लौट गई।

दुकानदार हरि ने दादी को अनिच्छा से थोड़ी चावल, दाल और नमक दे दिए। थकी-हारी दादी घर लौटी, उम्मीद थी कि रेबती ठीक होगी, लेकिन उसे लड़की को अत्यधिक पीड़ा में पाया। रेबती, बीमारी और प्यास से जर्जर, घर और आँगन में रेंगती रही और माता-पिता की यादों में खो गई। रात में जब उसने शाम का तारा देखा, तो उसने अपनी माँ की स्नेहपूर्ण उपस्थिति की कल्पना की, जिससे वह गहराई से प्रभावित हुई।

अंततः दादी ने उसे संकरी बरामदे में पाया, लेकिन बहुत देर हो चुकी थीदोनों जमीन पर गिर पड़े और श्यामबन्धु मोहंती के परिवार का दुखद अंत हो गया। अंतिम शब्द थे: रेबती! रेबि! तू आग जो सब कुछ राख कर देती है।

यह पाठ रेबती और उसके परिवार की अत्यधिक पीड़ा, अकेलापन और त्रासदी को दर्शाता है।

 

 

 

 

 

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